Post nasal drip symptoms

Dec 19, 2022 · Ever since I had covid in January of 2022 I recovered from the virus but I was left with a constant phlegm in the back of my throat and post nasal drip that will not go away. a runny nose. lump or buildup in the throat. WHAT CAUSES POST-NASAL DRIP? Sep 15, 2016 · Hi Larches - many thanks for your detailed inputs. Im new to this forum and ive been having these symptoms for months and months. This usually involves asking questions about other symptoms that could Jun 22, 2023 · Post-nasal drip, also called upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), is a common disorder. Age is a factor as well. If you have asthma, the post-nasal drip may make breathing even more Mar 20, 2014 · Decided to stop using inhalers but problem just got worse and worse over the years. You may also see catarrh referred to as postnasal drip. A Lump in the Throat (Globus Syndrome) Feb 5, 2024 · Understanding the causes and symptoms of post nasal drip can help individuals manage and find relief from this condition. Mar 30, 2024 · Post nasal drip refers to the excessive production of mucus in the nose and throat, leading to a constant feeling of mucus dripping down the back of the throat. Their use must be monitored and tapered by the prescribing physician, as long-term use may have significant side effects. Oct 22, 2018 · Bacterial infection: Post nasal drip is a symptom of many bacterial infections and often occurs alongside symptoms of sneezing, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, and fever. Although it affects people differently, post nasal drip is not considered a typical reaction to the virus. Apr 5, 2021 · Allergies or the common cold may cause a stuffy nose, pain and discomfort, post-nasal drip, and eye irritation. Sep 9, 2014 · I had post nasal drip for a few years because I had become lactose intolerant without realizing it. Excess mucus is produced to help fight against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, allergens, and infections. Oct 24, 2009 · 14,904. a blocked or stuffy nose. Successful treatment of the post-nasal drip will usually clear up these throat symptoms. Symptoms of nasal polyps include: a blocked nose. In some cases, a sinus infection can also cause diarrhea. fatigue. These symptoms may indicate a more serious condition such as pneumonia or lung cancer. At the time, what I had read was that for some folks, the mucus and post nasal drip can happen when the nasal cavity is not moist enough. It can also lead to bad breath and, in some cases, nausea from the excess mucus moving into the stomach. Difficulty swallowing. The feeling of having mucus in the back of my throat actually gets worse when I try to get rid of it by coughing. fever. Post Nasal Drip Symptoms: The symptoms of post nasal drip can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Symptoms that may be associated with post-nasal drip (the feeling of mucus running down the back of your throat) include: cough; the need to clear the throat often; a ‘tickle’ in the throat or sore throat; excess mucus (phlegm) in the throat; a blocked or runny nose; and (rarely) hoarseness or wheezing when Post-nasal drip often leads to a sore, irritated throat. Feb 16, 2024 · Post-nasal drip (mucus running down your throat) Low-grade fever With the common cold, your nose may be runny for a few days before the mucus thickens and your nose feels stuffy or congested. Key facts. You may have a runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion and itching. But it may also cause: facial pain or pressure; infected nasal discharge; nasal congestion; In addition, a sinus infection can cause the following: May 3, 2021 · In the United States and Europe, post-nasal drip symptoms (PNDS) are an important condition causing cough as well as asthma . Jun 12, 2020 · having to clear the throat frequently. Both conditions can cause a range of symptoms and complications Call 202-788-5048 or Request an Appointment. May 2, 2024 · Summary. It happens when the amount or quality of the mucus that's typically produced in the airways has changed and is now causing irritation. Apr 28, 2023 · Drinking warm fluids, such as warm water, hot decaf tea, or clear broth, is especially helpful for relieving postnasal drip. With a lime, you can improve your post nasal drip easily. A feeling like a lump or something stuck in the throat. Glands in the lining of the nose produce mucus to trap viruses and bacteria and protect the body. The excess mucus accumulates in the back of the nose, and eventually in the throat once it drips down the back of the throat. Treatment for sticky and rubbery mucus can include: drinking more water. [9] [10] Patients with LPR typically have upright, or daytime, reflux and good esophageal motor function. Feb 8, 2024 · Inhale steam. they certainly don't understand the mental drain such symptoms can have on a person after such a long period of suffering with them Feb 16, 2024 · Post nasal drip is a condition that can cause discomfort in the throat. ‘Post-nasal drip’ is when mucus from your nose or sinuses drips down the back of your throat. The excess mucus from post-nasal drip can block the ear canal, affecting sound conduction and leading to temporary hearing issues. Jun 8, 2024 · 6. This discomfort often leads to coughing or a persistent need to clear your throat. This irritation can be caused by various factors, including allergies, colds Call 202-788-5048 or Request an Appointment. You may have a sore throat, or throat tissues may swell. It can be caused by rhinitis, sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux Jan 12, 2024 · Steroids are potent anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agents and may relieve most of the associated symptoms of runny and itchy nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. Feb 23, 2024 · Here are six common medications to stop postnasal drip and help get rid of mucus in your throat. Although these symptoms may feel like an allergic reaction, they may actually be a form of nonallergic rhinitis — chronic allergic symptoms brought on by changes in your indoor environment, weather Jul 28, 2023 · Dehydration and dry climate. If LPR causes inflammation of your sinuses or nasal cavities, mucus production is increased there as well. Some of the common symptoms of post nasal drip include: 1. Nausea or vomiting due to excess mucus. My vet calls the unproductive retching that you see with post nasal drip "exaggerated swallowing". Dec 7, 2023 · The symptoms of a sinus infection can vary, but commonly include nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, headache, postnasal drip, and cough. Oct 8, 2023 · Both post-nasal drip and mucus buildup are also symptoms of allergies and colds. having to swallow frequently. This blockage can result in pressure imbalances in the ear, impacting hearing abilities. Your veterinarian can prescribe medication to alleviate post-nasal drip. Possible signs and symptoms of these cancers (often only on one side) include: Nasal congestion and stuffiness that doesn’t get better or even worsens; Pain above or below the eyes; Blockage of one side of the nose; Post-nasal drip (nasal drainage in the back of the nose and throat) Nosebleeds; Pus draining from the nose; Problems with your Post nasal drip is a common condition where the patient experiences an increase in the volume of this mucus, or that the mucus becomes thicker. Texas. Steroids or inhaled bronchodilators to reduce asthma-induced airway inflammation. Jan 24, 2020 · Post-nasal drip is when excess mucus drips from the sinuses down the throat. Purraise. a feeling that mucus is slowly dripping down the back of your throat (postnasal drip) a reduced sense of smell or taste. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose. Another symptom is the color of the mucus in the throat. In these cases, several different conditions may be to blame, including allergies, colds, flu, sinus infections, fumes, smoke, dust, very cold air, or even chronic acid reflux. Constantly clearing throat: One of the most common symptoms of post nasal drip is the need to constantly clear the throat. Hoarseness or difficulty speaking. Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis include: Thick, discolored mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose. Your throat may feel scratchy. All things you need are a huge cup of tea, hot water, honey, dark green lime. Cough. Rhinitis leads to common cold symptoms or runny nose, itching of the nose, throat or eyes, sneezing, and congestion. Apr 23, 2016 · Many patients complain of postnasal dripping. What's coming from your nose is bloody. coughing. Post-nasal drip (mucus dripping down the throat) Runny or stuffy nose. It's strange to describe. The interior nasal tissues may bleed when you attempt to remove the crust. In typical cases, patients with postnasal drip cough more at night, and they are often aware of a tickling feeling at the back of their throats. This mucus typically runs out the nose or down the back of the throat and often goes unnoticed. This is a condition known as post nasal drip and it can cause various symptoms. I agree that docs don't really sympathise with the issues because it's not "serious", or "won't kill you", etc. throat irritation or soreness. While mucus benefits the body, post nasal drip can lead to symptoms such as throat itchiness, coughing, frequent throat clearing, hoarseness, nausea, and bad Call 202-788-5048 or Request an Appointment. I have been given steroid inhalers, albuterol, allergy Apr 28, 2024 · Yes, mucus can cause a sore throat. Bruni. Coughing. When allergies are responsible for post-nasal drip, many people experience teary eyes, itchiness of the nose and eyes, and headaches. May 12, 2024 · Post-nasal drip can typically be diagnosed after a healthcare provider reviews your symptoms and performs a physical exam. Upper airway abnormalities are a key component and seasonal and occupational triggers are risk factors in some people. CSF rhinorrhea is different from a runny nose caused by a cold or allergies. Postnasal drip can irritate the throat, leading to symptoms such as soreness, itchiness, or a scratchy feeling. Facial pain or pressure. Essentially the little hairs in the cavity are not lubricated enough to quickly move the mucus. 1. sore throat. ive been to my doctor about it numerous times and anything hes giving has only given me temporary relief ☹ but as soon as i finish what hes given im back to square one. The problem of post-nasal drip is aggravated while sleeping as mucus secretions may gather, requiring vigorous coughing and throat clearing to clear the mucus from the throat. This can be done using a squeeze bottle, neti pot, or nasal spray. Post-Nasal Drip. It can be caused by colds, allergies, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other conditions. Those with allergic rhinitis are more likely to suffer from eczema and asthma. Feb 3, 2023 · Some symptoms of catarrh or postnasal drip you may experience include: difficulty swallowing or feeling the need to swallow frequently. Headache, particularly a headache that makes your face hurt. 2. The steam will also moisten your nose and throat, helping mucus pass through. Learn more about severe post-nasal drip, it’s causes, symptoms, and potential avenues toward relief. According to WHO, “the most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness, and a dry cough. When post-nasal drip is the only symptom of a sinus infection, it is usually because the infection is a low-grade infection that has been going on for months Aug 29, 2023 · Symptoms. Living Well MedStar Washington Hospital Center MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center. During the day, this mucus tends to get swallowed and cleared from the throat. ”. You also have sinus pain or fever. Post-nasal drip ( PND ), also known as upper airway cough syndrome ( UACS ), occurs when excessive mucus is produced by the nasal mucosa. Some symptoms of a sinus infection that are different from those of COVID-19 include: sinus pain or pressure felt around the High humidity can increase the amount of mucus in your nose and throat, causing congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and post-nasal drip. The sensation of a lump in the back of your throat. A number of canine health conditions, some of which can be life threatening, can cause nasal allergy symptoms. Usually, it will drip down the back of your throat which is called a post-nasal drip. k. It is best to discuss these options with a health professional, because some sprays may cause your symptoms to worsen. The kitty sticks their neck out and does like a really big swallow. A sensation of a lump in the throat. When large amounts of excess mucus run down the back of the Mar 31, 2023 · Severe symptoms of post nasal drip may require immediate medical attention. Oct 23, 2023 · Post-nasal drip is typically caused by allergies or infections such as sinusitis, and can be exacerbated by gastroesophageal reflux disease (a. Lime Or Lemon. Post nasal drip can be caused by various factors, including allergic rhinitis, sinus infections, cold and flu viruses, certain medications, and hormonal changes. A cough, which may get worse when you lie down. Just stir a teaspoon of salt into 8 ounces of warm water and go to town. Oct 11, 2023 · A post-nasal drip treatment for your home, rather than your body, is simply keeping things clean—especially if allergies are causing your symptoms. What are the Symptoms of Post-Nasal Drainage? Most people who have post-nasal drip complain of the sensation of mucous sticking in the back of their throat. If you notice no improvement, different types of nasal sprays may help. Changing certain medications or dosages. Jun 29, 2021 · runny or stuffy nose. However, they aren’t COVID-19-specific. Daily symptoms now include sticky white mucus in back of throat, post nasal drip, sore / burning throat, constant throat clearing, hoarseness in voice, throat clearing after eating (does not matter what I eat), blocked noise, sinus infections, etc. Symptoms depend on the part of the body that's infected. raspy voice or gurgling while talking. I'm sorry to hear you are suffering with somewhat very similar debilitating symptoms. Feb 17, 2023 · Dehydration, pollution, cigarettes, and nasal polyps. Apr 7, 2022 · In some cases, the nose itself is to blame (rhinitis), but in others, a prolonged postnasal drip lingers after a viral upper respiratory infection; some call this variety a post-infectious cough. Loss of the senses of taste ( ageusia) and smell ( anosmia ). Nasal Irrigation: Nasal irrigation with saline solution can help flush out mucus and allergens from the nasal passages, reducing congestion and post-nasal drip symptoms. Experts explain that a decline in fluid intake (dehydration) because of any reason can cause postnasal drip. It is able to clean your stomach and liver, soothe the symptoms of post nasal drip; at the same time make you feel lots of energy all day. Postnasal drip happens when excess mucus from your nose builds up and drips down the back of your throat. Aug 2, 2023 · Post nasal drip, on the other hand, occurs when excess mucus from the nose or sinuses drips down the back of the throat. ACE inhibitors have been known to produce different adverse reactions such as cough, severe bronchospsasm, 8 maculopapular rash, severe angioedema and others. Learn about the causes, complications, and how to treat it with OTC medications or home remedies. The key is to understand what is causing excess mucus production. You probably don't even notice it, but your body constantly makes mucus every day to moisten your nasal lining, trap and clear irritants you inhale, and to help fight Apr 5, 2022 · An easy way to do it without medications is to try nasal irrigation with a neti pot. Symptoms. It occurs when there is excess mucus in the body or when the body has difficulty clearing it. Postnasal drip develops when too much mucus collects at the back of the nose or in the throat. Feb 10, 2022 · Post-nasal drip may also be the only symptom of sinusitis (infectious rhinitis), or it may go along with other symptoms, such as facial pain, nasal congestion, and colored nasal discharge. Sep 17, 2023 · Postnasal drip is excess mucus that the nose and throat glands secrete. Frequent swallowing. Dec 19, 2022 · Patients may also experience many other symptoms, including globus sensation, chronic throat clearing, post-nasal drip, Eustachian tube dysfunction, heartburn, other voice changes, and regurgitation. This condition often arises when mucus drains from the nasal cavity into the throat, a process known as postnasal drip. headache. But colds tend to clear up within a few days, whereas nasal polyps will not get better unless they're treated. Feb 26, 2024 · Postnasal Drip Symptoms. It also sometimes accompanies other Post-nasal drip. Dusting and vacuuming your house regularly can help manage year-round allergens like animal dander, dust mites, mold, and cockroaches. Postnasal drip can be a small annoyance at first. Discover effective remedies and expert insights on managing post-nasal drip symptoms with our comprehensive guide. Mucus down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip. Rarely, vasomotor rhinitis causes a foul-smelling crust to form inside your nose. If you experience difficulty breathing, severe chest pain, or coughing up blood, seek medical attention right away . a loss of taste or smell. The fluid is always thin and clear, and symptoms don't improve with cold or allergy medicines. You have a high fever. A sore or scratchy throat. Seasonal allergic rhinitis develops when Jan 29, 2024 · People with post nasal drip have excessive mucus secretion in the back of the nose, draining into the throat. Feb 6, 2024 · Cough. facial pain. On the other hand, tonsil stones, also known as tonsilloliths, are small, hard calcifications that form on the tonsils. Steroid nasal sprays. You may also feel like you need to clear your throat Apr 30, 2016 · 8. It's about $15-20. Bad breath. Diminished sense of smell. Hey all. Learn about causes, treatments, and prevention strategies to find relief. Runny nose. “The mucosa atrophies as we age, which can cause thicker mucus that is more bothersome,” says Dr. Other Canine Problems with Nasal Allergy Symptoms. Jul 26, 2023 · Thick yellow or green mucus from your nose or postnasal drip (mucus that builds up and drips down the back of your throat). Make a saltwater gargle. Various patients also feel sensation of a ball being stuck in the back of the throat or Mar 25, 2021 · A simple mix of salt and warm water can work wonders. Viral infection: Post nasal drip is a sign of viral infections such as the common cold, which also produces symptoms of fever, cough, sore throat, stomach cramps , and diarrhea. stuffy or blocked nose. You can relieve your symptoms by drinking lots of fluids and avoiding irritants such Jun 27, 2022 · Summary. They can decrease inflammation and drainage in the nasal passages and sinuses. Postnasal drip. Dry, sore throat. Post nasal drip can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat, which may go together with many symptoms such as: 1. Sore throat. Cerebrospinal (CSF) rhinorrhea is a rare condition in which spinal fluid leaks from a tear in the meninges into the sinuses and nasal passages. Nov 27, 2023 · Spicy foods. Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. Too much mucus can also make your voice sound hoarse, or like you are gurgling. difficulty swallowing. a. Post-nasal drainage can trigger sleep problems and snoring Post-nasal drip often leads to a sore, irritated throat. Sep 10, 2019 · Luckily, the ENT experts at Kaplan Sinus Relief provide several helpful severe post-nasal drip treatments. (4) (5) 7. ? ☹. Sometimes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) disease and age-related swallowing problems can also lead to symptoms that feel like postnasal drip. Pregnancy. To some extent, the color of the mucus can help show what their body is fighting. Apr 26, 2024 · Decongestants to relieve postnasal drip. Apr 28, 2020 · Is it postnasal drip or something else. It can affect both adults and children. Aug 18, 2023 · Postnasal drip is when mucus drains down the back of your throat, causing irritation or coughing. running Apr 21, 2024 · Yes, post-nasal drip can cause hearing loss. What's coming from your nose is yellow or green. Location. Managing post-nasal drip often involves addressing the underlying cause. Steam inhalation can ease postnasal drip by thinning mucus. These include a feeling of mucus running down the back of the throat, coughing, throat irritation, and sometimes difficulty swallowing. Nasal sprays to alleviate sneezing, runny nose and other allergy symptoms. Toothache. Other symptoms may include a sore throat, bad breath, fatigue, and a reduced sense of smell and taste. It’s a very common symptom of colds and allergies and it can cause a sore throat and coughing. Sep 28, 2020 · Catarrh happens when mucus builds up in your nose, sinuses, or throat. Jun 5, 2024 · Postnasal drip is a condition that causes a large amount of mucus to collect in your throat or nose. mucus drainage in the throat. It may also be called upper airway cough syndrome because the mucus causes repeated coughing. Persistent throat clearing. This will often result in a runny nose but sometimes this excess mucus can end up running down the back of the throat. GERD, a condition that occurs when you have Jul 17, 2014 · Discussion. [11] . Since post-nasal drip is a symptom of another condition, other symptoms may be present that are linked to whatever's causing the problem. It can clear out stuck-up gunk in the back of your throat or mouth. Postnasal drip (PND) in children occurs when excess mucus runs down the back of the throat. Tiredness. A foreign object stuck in the nose (more common in small children) Postnasal drip can cause symptoms like: Frequent throat clearing. Stuffy nose. Add 1/2 teaspoon (3g) of salt to 8 fluid ounces (240 mL) of warm or lukewarm water and gargle after lifting your head back. These include cleft palate in puppies, distemper, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tumors or polyps. It occurs when excessive mucus is produced by the nasal cavity or the mucus drainage from the sinuses is impaired. Furthermore, pollution and cigarette smoke can lead to postnasal drip, as well as other issues that affect the nose, such as nasal polyps. Learn about the possible causes, such as infections, allergies, GERD, and how to get relief. 3,641. P Jun 7, 2021 · COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. Acute sinusitis symptoms often include: Thick, yellow or greenish mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose, or down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip. And remember: Always feel free to call Kaplan Sinus Relief if for all your sinus-related questions: 713-766-1818. Coughing, especially at night. Feb 1, 2024 · Post-nasal drip causes. Intranasal steroids, or steroid nasal sprays, are a good first choice to treat nasal congestion or postnasal drip. Antibiotics for infections like bacterial pneumonia, sinusitis or bronchitis. This can cause discomfort or a feeling that there is a lump in the throat. Jan 30, 2024 · Sinusitis symptoms can be similar to cold symptoms. The majority of the patients point to the different parts of the neck and the throat area as the center of their discomfort. It can be caused by allergies, sinus infections, or colds. Sep 15, 2022 · Common symptoms of postnasal drip include: A feeling of mucus dripping down the back of your throat. Irritation of bronchial and nasal mucosa is a relatively common upper respiratory symptom, due to known mechanisms of proinflammatory cytokine accumulation consequence of ACE Apr 24, 2024 · Post-nasal drip can be confused with other conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), sinus infections, or colds due to similar symptoms. Jun 2, 2021 · Post nasal drip is most commonly identified by the accumulation and drainage of mucus down the back of the nose and throat. a headache. snoring. This may be a sign of a bacterial infection. Causes of postnasal drip include allergies, the common cold, and the flu. Dec 21, 2023 · Post nasal drip is a condition where mucus accumulates in the back of the throat and leads to symptoms like coughing and gagging. Headache. Jan 15, 2020 · Post Nasal Drip or Cold: Mucus. Symptoms of post nasal drip include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, coughing, and the sensation of mucus in the throat. Posted 4 years ago, 11 users are following. Treatment varies based on the underlying cause. As a result, using a neti pot can help relieve sinus infection, cold, and allergy symptoms like post-nasal drip Jan 21, 2024 · It's an antihistamine that you can use in addition to any tablets you might be taking such as Claratin or Zyrtec, and it is known for helping with post nasal drip. 7. Catarrh is associated with a Post-nasal drip is usually associated with rhinitis, which is a swelling and irritation of your nasal passages. Post-nasal drip symptoms. However, other similar symptoms commonly associated with post nasal drip, such as a sore throat, congestion, and coughing, are also associated with COVID-19. You can inhale steam during a hot shower or Oct 27, 2022 · Symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis include: Stuffy nose. An urge to constantly clear your throat. May 6, 2024 · Symptoms of post-nasal drip often include: Throat irritation or soreness. Treatment of post-nasal drip usually involves treating the cause. Ear pain. I can't say it helped me a lot, tbh, but if that's one of its best known effects, you may as well try it. The sensation of a lump in the throat. It can cause a sore throat, cough, nausea, and bad breath. Oct 2, 2020 · Symptoms include rhinorrhea, post-nasal drip, nasal obstruction, snoring, fever, and halitosis. a sore throat. This can lead to a chronic, persistent cough that’s most pronounced in the morning or when lying flat in bed at night. cough. Sneezing. People who experience post nasal drip may have other common symptoms, including: A frequently clearing of the throat. Swelling of the tonsils or other throat tissue. Nasal polyps can sometimes feel like a cold. Mucus gets a bad rap, but in fact, a certain amount of it is healthy. Chronic adenoiditis shows many of the same symptoms but on a persistent basis lasting at least 90 days and is often caused by polymicrobial infections and biofilm formation. All that mucus has to go somewhere. Mar 2, 2023 · For adults — See a health care provider if: You have symptoms for more than 10 days. Common causes of post-nasal drip are viral infections, sinus infections and hay fever. Causes and Symptoms of Post Nasal Drip. Throat clearing. Cough due to post-nasal drip is thought to be caused by stimulation of the sensory nerve ends of the hypopharynx and stimulation of the influx of post-nasal drip into the trachea, which activates the cough reflex pathway. This may feel like a lump in your throat. Although there is usually no infection, the tonsils and other tissues in the throat may swell. Exudates are frequently absent in chronic adenoiditis. Patients may suffer from certain symptoms including aches, nasal congestion, sore throat Nov 25, 2023 · Symptoms of post-nasal drip include a persistent cough, sore or scratchy throat, feeling of mucus dripping down the throat, frequent throat clearing, and hoarseness. Do this 3 to 4 times a day. Garbled or hoarse speech. Post nasal drip is common in dogs and can be caused by infections, allergies, irritation, tumors, or Upper airway cough syndrome (post-nasal drip) — suggested by frequent throat clearing, an unpleasant sensation in the throat, nasal congestion, or nasal discharge and sneezing. Sep 30, 2021 · If you have asthma and post-nasal drip, you may be more likely to suffer from allergic rhinitis, which is an inflammation of the inner lining of your nose. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Laryngopharyngeal reflux. Most people perceive this as a sensation of mucus buildup in the back of the throat. I know I've heard a cough, but can't remember what it's like at the moment. Rubbery mucus caused by environmental and lifestyle factors may be simple to treat. jy xy jr gs af qz dq xz fz cj